International Journal of Advance Research in Education & Literature (ISSN 2208-2441)
The Scopes of the journal include but are not limited to, the following fields: Educational Research, Literary Studies, Language Studies, Educational Technology, Multidisciplinary Approaches, Cultural Studies, Educational Policy and Administration, Pedagogical Innovations, Literary Criticism and Theory, Literature and Society, Cross-Cultural and Comparative Studies, Empirical Research, sport science.
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SOCIAL THOUGHT IN AL-YA'QUBI'S BOOK “AL-BULDAN”: ARAB CITIES AS A MODEL
The growth and flourishing of Islamic cities is an integral part of the urbanization process. This, in turn, is a direct or indirect reflection of the pioneering role the city played as a model of civilizational change. Cities attract, create, and disseminate the elements of civilization, including its intellectual and cultural dimensions. These urban centers embraced all segments of society in its diversity, encompassing national and religious differences. They influenced both the living standards and cultural well-being of individuals by providing opportunities for a comfortable and prosperous life, resulting in high income levels. As al-Ya'qubi was a historian and geographer, a rare figure in that era, he vividly depicted the city's architecture, design, and magnificent Islamic urban planning. He also addressed the various social classes and their living conditions, noting that the city included individuals engaged in all kinds of crafts, professions, trades, industries, agriculture, bathhouses, and markets. These activities provided employment opportunities that increased family income, leading to widespread prosperity within the community. At that time.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
THE IMPACT OF BLENDED LEARNING STRATEGIES ON STUDENTS' COGNITIVE ACHIEVEMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF SOME BASIC FOOTBALL SKILLS
This research examines the impact of blended learning on the cognitive achievement and performance of some basic football skills among first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Babylon. The study stemmed from the need to develop traditional teaching methods by integrating face-to-face and e-learning, thereby contributing to improved learning of sports skills and raising the level of cognitive achievement. The researcher employed an experimental approach with a two-group equivalent design. The sample consisted of 40 students divided into an experimental group that studied using the blended learning strategy and a control group that studied using the traditional method. The study utilized a cognitive achievement test and tests to measure passing, tackling, and shooting skills, ensuring their validity, reliability, and objectivity. The educational program was implemented over eight weeks and included the use of educational videos and electronic applications before lectures, in addition to explanations and practical training on the field. The results showed statistically significant differences favoring the experimental group in cognitive achievement and the level of performance of basic skills compared to the control group, confirming the effectiveness of blended learning in enhancing sports learning. The research concluded that integrating technology with direct education provides a more interactive learning environment, increases students’ motivation and self-confidence, and contributes to improving the acquisition of motor and cognitive skills, with a recommendation to apply this strategy in teaching other sports and to conduct further studies to verify its effectiveness in different fields.
THE SHIFT IN PERSPECTIVE IN THE BOOK “INTERPRETATION OF THE HOLY QUR’AN, ITS EXPLANATION AND GRAMMAR” BY SHEIKH AL-DURRAH
This research examines the rhetorical device of shifting perspective (iltifat) in the Holy Quran, as presented by Sheikh Muhammad Ali Taha al-Durrah in his book, "Tafsir al-Quran wa Bayanuhu wa I'rab" (Interpretation, Explanation, and Grammatical Analysis of the Quran). The research aims to demonstrate the rhetorical value of this device and Sheikh al-Durrah's role in linking grammatical analysis with rhetorical significance and Quranic meaning. The research begins by defining shifting perspective linguistically and technically, explaining that it is the speaker's transition from one style to another, such as shifting between first-person, second-person, and third-person pronouns, to achieve various rhetorical purposes. The research also reviews the most prominent types of shifting perspective in the Holy Quran, such as the transition from the third person to the second person or vice versa, with Quranic examples illustrating its effect on stimulating the reader's mind, capturing attention, amplifying meanings, and strengthening the psychological and emotional impact of the text. It emphasizes that shifting perspective is not merely a verbal embellishment, but rather an artistic tool that serves the meaning and context. The research then focuses on Sheikh al-Durrah's approach to interpreting this stylistic device, where he connects grammar and rhetoric, arguing that the shift in pronouns and grammatical forms is linked to Quranic purposes such as honoring, rebuking, encouraging, and warning. It also presents practical examples from his interpretation demonstrating how to employ this shift and revealing its rhetorical secrets. The research concludes that Sheikh al-Durrah presented a distinctive interpretive vision that made grammatical rules a means of understanding the eloquent miracle of the Holy Quran, and that the shift in perspective represents one of the most prominent manifestations of artistic beauty and expressive flexibility in the Quranic text.
FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION BETWEEN FAMILY AND SCHOOL IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
This study aims to analyze the concept of functional integration between family and school as a comprehensive educational model that can be implemented through shared responsibility, complementary roles, mutual communication, and coordinated student support. The core principles underlying this research are that the educational process is not solely a school-based endeavor, but rather involves a carefully designed relationship between the school and families that facilitates learning, improves behavior, enhances motivation, and fosters social and emotional development. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach and reviews relevant educational literature, including Epstein's model of school-family-community partnership and empirical studies on parental involvement and student outcomes. The reviewed literature indicates a positive correlation between family involvement and student attendance, academic achievement, motivation, attitudes toward learning, behavioral adjustment, and psychological well-being. However, the effectiveness of family-school collaboration is significantly influenced by its quality, consistency, and developmental focus. This study proposes a model of functional integration comprising six dimensions: institutional communication, parental support, home-learning support, participation in decision-making, psychosocial support, and community partnership. The study concludes that educational institutions must shift from reactive communication with parents to a proactive, developmental, and ongoing collaboration between the family and the school.
A REVIEW OF ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL FEATURE OF THE ADRENAL GLAND IN DIFFERENT SPECIES OF BIRDS
The adrenal glands have an important impact on many physiological behaviours in vertebrate animals such as birds, due to the roles that hormones produced by adrenal glands play in influencing growth and differentiation of tissues, regulating metabolism, resisting infection, toxicity, and stress, and tolerating cold. Therefore, examining the morphological features associated with avian adrenal glands has numerous implications for poultry production, veterinary medicine, and ornithology. The purpose of this article is to review and summaries the scientific literature regarding the importance of adrenal glands in avian species while also highlighting recently completed studies related to avian adrenal gland morphology, and demonstrating how these studies have examined changes that take place within avian adrenal glands because of interspecific variation and biological diversity. Anatomically, birds have two adrenal glands located at the cranial end of each kidney. The adrenal gland is usually oval, triangular or pyramidal in shape and varies in color from yellow to brown depending on how much carotenoids the adrenal gland contains. Microscopically, the avian adrenal gland has very specific morphological characteristics. The adrenal gland has a connective tissue capsule surrounding it made up of collagenous and elastic fibers and contains ganglia of the autonomic nervous system. The parenchyma of the adrenal gland is made up of both cortical and medullary tissues that are intermixed. There are significant individual differences in morphometric characteristics such as thickness of capsule, size of nuclei of cortical and medullary cells and relative area of cortical tissue compared to medullary tissue. In addition, several studies report that the adrenal gland's morphology and physiology are affected by environmental factors which include the level of functional activity and seasonal variation in adrenal hormone secretion.
THE EFFECT OF THE INITIAL SHOULDER ANGLE AND ARM ANGULAR VELOCITY ON BALL SPEED DURING THE JUMP SERVE IN MALE HIGH-SCHOOL VOLLEYBALL STUDENTS AGED 16–18 YEARS IN BAGHDAD
Background: One of the main factors of how effective the volleyball jump serves is the speed of the ball. Previous biomechanical studies indicate that serve performance is influenced by coordinated upper-limb kinematics, including shoulder position, arm swing velocity, and proximal-to-distal transfer of momentum. Objective: This study examined the effect of the initial shoulder angle and arm angular velocity on ball speed during the volleyball jump serve among male high-school students aged 16–18 years in Baghdad, Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional biomechanical study was conducted during the 2025–2026 academic year in the sports hall of the Directorate of Education, Baghdad Al-Karkh. Fifty male secondary-school students aged 16–18 years participated. Each student performed three valid jump serves. Ball speed was measured using a radar-based method, while the initial shoulder angle and arm angular velocity were obtained through two-dimensional video motion analysis. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression were used to determine the relationships between biomechanical variables and ball speed. Results: The mean ball speed was 19.84 2.31 m/s. Inverse shoulder angle was moderately correlated with ball speed and arm angular velocity was strongly positively correlated. For multiple regression, the initial shoulder angle and arm angular velocity were significant predictors of ball speed and accounted for 56.4 of the variance. Angular velocity of the arm was a better independent predictor. Conclusion: For male secondary school volleyball players, ball speed during the jump serve was related to arm angular velocity and the initial shoulder angle (optimum) in the jump serve. Technically safe arm acceleration, shoulder positioning, trunk-arm coordination and progressive strength development should be the focus of training programmes.
SOCIAL COMPETENCE AS A FOUNDATION FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A THEORETICAL REVIEW AND EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIAN HIGHER EDUCATION
Psychological well-being (PWB) among university students has emerged as one of the most pressing concerns in contemporary Indian higher education, with declining mental health indicators, increasing academic pressure, and post-pandemic social disruption placing new demands on student support systems. This paper presents a theoretical review of the relationship between social competence (SC) and psychological well-being, drawing on Ryff's (1989) eudaimonic model of PWB and multidimensional frameworks of social competence developed in the educational psychology literature. Through an integrative review of theoretical perspectives — including Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), Social Self-Efficacy Theory (Bandura, 1997), and Social Integration Theory (Tinto, 1993) — this paper argues that social competence constitutes a foundational psychological resource that supports student flourishing across all six dimensions of Ryff's model: Autonomy, Environmental Mastery, Personal Growth, Positive Relations with Others, Purpose in Life, and Self-Acceptance. The paper further develops a conceptual framework linking SC to PWB through three pathways: the Social Support Pathway, the Social Self-Efficacy Pathway, and the Social Integration Pathway. On the basis of this framework, concrete educational implications are proposed for university curriculum design, student counselling services, and institutional policy in the Indian higher education context. The paper contributes to theory by offering a pathway-specific model of the SC-PWB relationship that is sensitive to the collectivistic cultural context of Indian universities, and to practice by translating this model into actionable, evidence-informed recommendations.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATIONAL GAMES IN DEVELOPING CLASSROOM INTERACTION AND MOTOR SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL LESSONS
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of educational games in developing classroom interaction and improving volleyball motor skills among secondary school students aged 14–16 years in Baghdad Governorate. The sample consisted of 60 male students selected purposively from secondary schools and applied in the sports hall of the Directorate of Education of Baghdad Al-Karkh during the period from 10/9/2025 to 3/4/2026. A quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test for a single group was used. The program of educational games was implemented within volleyball lessons to enhance students’ engagement and skill performance. The study tools included a classroom interaction scale and performance tests for volleyball skills (serving, setting, and forearm passing). The results were analyzed using paired sample t-tests. The findings revealed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results in favor of the post-test in all variables. This means that the educational games positively affected not only the classroom interaction, but also the motor skill performance. The findings suggest that the incorporation of an educational game to the physical education lessons contributes to an improvement in the motivation, participation and learning of skills by students as well as allows a more interactive and effective learning context than other didactic strategies.
MODELING THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEIVED DIGITAL DISTRACTION RISKS AND DECISION-MAKING STRESS ON STUDENT VOLLEYBALL ACHIEVEMENT
This research aims to identify the correlation between perceived digital distraction risks, decision-making stress, and volleyball performance among students. It also seeks to develop a model that clarifies and explains the direct and indirect causal relationship between these factors. The study employs a descriptive approach using survey methodology and correlational and causal studies. The research population was defined as third-year students in the Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Middle Euphrates State Universities for the academic year (2025-2026), totaling (1086) male and female students. The pilot sample consisted of (20) male and female students, the preparation sample consisted of (500) male and female students, and the main sample consisted of (200) male and female students. A scale of perceived digital immersion risks was prepared with (38) items and a decision stress scale with (39) items. The academic achievement score in volleyball for third-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Babylon was obtained, which is considered the final score for the first semester of the team sports branch. A model of causal relationships was built for the domains of perceived digital immersion risks, which represent the independent variables in decision stress as a mediating variable and academic achievement in volleyball as a dependent variable. The research yielded several conclusions, including a genuine correlation between perceived risks of digital immersion, decision fatigue, and students' academic performance in volleyball. The research also found that the various aspects of digital immersion risk differ in their mechanisms of influence, not all operating through the same pathway. Furthermore, ethical and health risks directly increase decision fatigue due to cognitive and physical exhaustion. The research concluded with recommendations, including raising students' awareness of the risks of digital immersion and its effects on mental health and academic achievement, and guiding students towards purposeful digital use that serves the educational process and reduces unregulated immersion.
DES VALEURS CULTURELLES SONGYE À L’ÉDUCATION POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT COMMUNAUTAIRE
Through a psychosocial and analytical approach, this article deciphers some Songye cultural values ​​that can be integrated into the training and learning process to contribute to development education in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It shows that behind each Songye proverb or prohibition lie values ​​that align with a particular vision of life and development. These values ​​appear as crucial tools for promoting development-oriented education grounded in our local realities, as they reveal training opportunities that foster good citizenship among young people and the organization of community life. We seek this type of knowledge in the content of communications connected to our specific realities, rather than knowledge disconnected from our cultural identity, given that the values ​​contained in the cultures of approximately 450 ethnic groups in our country guide our behaviors, mindsets, and practices. This study, situated within a psychopedagogical framework, particularly in ethnopedagogy, contributes to understanding how to guide the development of contextualized teaching programs to achieve objectives aligned with the realistic Congolese education system.
THE EFFECT OF SPECIAL STRENGTH EXERCISES BASED ON THE FRENCH CONTRAST METHOD ON SELECTED BIOMOTOR CAPACITIES AND ON THE SPEED AND ACCURACY OF THE LUNGE WITH THE FOIL WEAPON AMONG FENCERS UNDER 18 YEARS
The present study aimed to design special strength exercises using the French Contrast Method and to determine their effect on selected biomotor capacities and on the speed and accuracy of the lunge with the foil weapon among fencers under 18 years, as well as to identify the more effective approach between the proposed method and the coach's customary programme. The researcher adopted the experimental method using a design of two equivalent groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests, in alignment with the nature of the research problem. The sample was selected purposively from foil fencers under 18 years, comprising fourteen (14) fencers who were randomly divided into two groups of seven (7) fencers each. The experimental group performed the special strength exercises based on the French Contrast Method, while the control group continued training in accordance with the coach's customary programme. The training programme extended over eight (8) weeks at a rate of three (3) sessions per week (Saturday, Tuesday, and Thursday), for a total of twenty-four (24) training sessions. The research tests covered selected biomotor capacities — namely power speed strength, explosive power, agility, and balance — as well as the speed and accuracy of the lunge together with spatial and temporal perception. The data were treated statistically using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results revealed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favour of the post-tests for both groups, together with the superiority of the experimental group over the control group across all study variables. The researcher attributes this finding to the effect of the special strength exercises based on the French Contrast Method and to the neuromuscular adaptations they produced, which contributed to developing the fencers' biomotor capacities together with the speed and accuracy of the lunge. In light of these results, the researcher concluded that special strength exercises grounded in the French Contrast Method are effective in developing biomotor capacities and the speed and accuracy of the lunge with the foil weapon, and recommended that this method be adopted in the training of fencers under 18 years and that similar studies be conducted on different age categories and weapons.
Copyright (c) 2026 Assistant Lecturer Ali Hussein Owaid, Lecturer Dr. Dunya Abdulsalam Fadhil Al-Khaqani, Assistant Lecturer Saif Fadel Khalil Abd (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
ENSEIGNEMENT DU FRANÇAIS EN CONTEXTE SCOLAIRE D’HETEROGENEITE SOCIOLINGUISTIQUE A KINDU
La ville de Kindu, chef-lieu de la province du Maniema, spécifiquement dans la partie orientale de la République Démocratique du Congo, où la langue dominante est le « Swahili », laquelle langue est parlée dans les ménages, dans les églises, à l’école et voir même dans les milieux professionnels, comment peut-on enseigner le français (langue officielle du pays et de surcroît d’enseignement), à des élèves dont les connaissances sont, de ce point de vue, insuffisantes ? Telle est la question qui traduit l’inquiétude de plusieurs enseignants congolais, surtout ceux qui sont titulaires d’enseignement de Français. Nous avons voulu, à travers cette réflexion scientifique, apporter notre contribution à la compréhension des difficultés d’enseignement de Français, en contextes scolaires hétérogènes, lesquels se caractérisent par une fréquentation croissante d’élèves catégorisés habitués à s’exprimer en dialecte (Kikusu, Kizimba, Kisonge, Kirega, Kisongola, Kibangukangu, Kikumu, etc.) ou en Swahili.
THE EFFECT OF SPEED-STRENGTH TRAINING ON DEVELOPING LEG MOVEMENTS FOR VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS AT AHLULBAYT UNIVERSITY.
One of the most important sports sciences that guides learners to achieve optimal performance in most team sports skills is motor learning. This comprehensive and diverse approach necessitates the use of various educational tools and physical exercises that directly influence the learning of motor skills and the development of their associated physical attributes, all within a structured framework. The goal is to achieve the desired objective through the use of different equipment, tools, exercises, and techniques that help learners grasp the details of performing any volleyball skill. Through his observation of the volleyball skills learning process and his review of the volleyball curriculum for the second year at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Ahlulbayt University, the researcher found a scarcity of exercises that develop leg speed and thus contribute to learning the desired skill. The principle of repetition alone in the educational process does not guarantee skill acquisition and performance development but rather ensures continuity in motor performance. In other words, the teaching methods used in the motor learning process yield varying success rates due to insufficient attention to the physical aspect, which is the crux of the problem. Therefore, the need arose to use physical exercises that focus on speed-strength, enabling learners to develop the speed of their leg movements and learn the technical execution and accuracy of the setting skills in volleyball. The research population consisted of 98 second-year students at the College of Physical Education, Ahlulbayt University, during the academic year 2025-2026. The researcher used the SPSS statistical package.
EMOTIONAL RESPONSES, ESPECIALLY REGARDING SKILLS, AMONG PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS SCIENCE STUDENTS
To reach high levels of athletic performance, athletes must regularly engage in continuous and rigorous training in their chosen activity. The athlete interacts with their athletic environment, influencing and being influenced by it. This interaction is not limited to simply responding to the various athletic situations they encounter in training and competitions. Rather, the athlete often gains experiences and perceptions about themselves and others through this interaction, through their continuous awareness of their physical, technical, and tactical abilities as part of their overall self-awareness. There is near-unanimous agreement that the self-concept is a term used to describe what an individual perceives about themselves. Through the researcher's field experience and continuous observation of training processes, it became clear that psychological preparation processes did not take the integrated dimension in the memory of coaches and those working in the field of training. That is, these aspects did not take sufficient importance alongside physical, technical and tactical preparation in order to control the negative emotions of the player that he faces during competition, which are reflected on the level of the player's performance, on the results of the team as a whole in the league standings, and on the general level of the game's skills. This is evident among the physical education students of Ahl Al Bayt University in volleyball, especially in sports competitions, as we see many good players, when they lose their temper and their emotions are aroused, lose many of their technical and tactical responsibilities. This is a major negative result on the player's technical level, especially in strong and decisive competitions. Intense emotion is the sworn enemy of calm thinking and balanced action because it prevents the player from seeing many facts and reflecting on the rapid course of the game. The research sample was randomly selected from physical education and sports science students at Ahl Al Bayt University (2025/2026). The sample consisted of (80) students out of (90) students. The researcher used the SPSS statistical package
IMMUNOGLOBULIN (IGG) RESPONSE TO PHYSICAL STRESS AND COMBAT IN TAEKWONDO PLAYERS
This research aims to identify the effect of moderate and high-intensity physical training on the immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to physical stress and competition in taekwondo athletes, to identify the effect of competition duration on the IgG response to physical stress and competition in taekwondo athletes, and to study the differences between the effect of moderate and high-intensity physical training and competition duration on IgG levels in taekwondo athletes. The researchers used a single-group experimental design with pre- and post-testing. The research sample, consisting of ten players from the North Gas Taekwondo Club team, was selected purposively. After collecting the data through the specified measurements, it was statistically analyzed. A number of conclusions were reached: high-intensity physical training has an effect on increasing immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, comparable to the effect of competitive training in taekwondo players. A significant increase in IgG levels was observed as a result of competitive training, exceeding the effect of moderate-intensity training. Among the most important recommendations reached by the researchers are: regulating high-intensity training loads, which have an effect on increasing IgG levels; evaluating and developing training programs and planning physical conditioning for taekwondo players; and the necessity of considering measurements of the immune system, particularly IgG levels, in monitoring and evaluating the health and physiological status of taekwondo players and those participating in similar sports and activities with comparable energy production systems.
A CAUSAL MODEL OF SKILL PERFORMANCE BASED ON KEY ANTHROPOMETRIC AND PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS FOR SELECTING FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS
The present study aimed to construct a causal model of skill performance based on the most important anthropometric and physical variables for selecting female basketball players. The study was conducted on female students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the College of Education for Women, University of Kufa, with a total sample of (36) students. The researcher adopted the descriptive method using a correlational and causal approach. The variables included anthropometric measurements (body height, arm length, and leg length), physical attributes (explosive power, speed, agility, coordination, and balance), and skill performance (dribbling, passing, and shooting). The results revealed significant correlations between all variables and skill performance. Physical attributes, particularly explosive power and coordination, showed the highest contribution to skill performance. The findings also indicated that anthropometric measurements have both direct and indirect effects on performance, mainly through their influence on physical attributes. The causal model demonstrated that skill performance is not determined by a single factor, but rather by the interaction between body structure and physical abilities. The model showed good explanatory power in predicting performance levels among the students. The study concluded that physical attributes represent the most influential factor in skill performance, while anthropometric measurements play a supportive and indirect role. The researcher recommends focusing on developing physical abilities and using scientific criteria in player selection.
PREDICTING SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT BASED ON COPING STYLES WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AMONG BASKETBALL PLAYERS
This study aimed to predict social adjustment based on coping strategies with psychological stress among basketball players. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach using the survey method on a sample of (50) players from Iraqi Premier League basketball clubs during the 2025–2026 season. Two scales were used: the Social Adjustment Scale and the Coping Strategies with Psychological Stress Scale. The results showed that players possess a good level of social adjustment and effective coping strategies. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.68) was found between social adjustment and coping strategies, indicating that better coping skills are associated with higher levels of social adjustment. Regression analysis revealed that coping strategies explain 46% of the variance in social adjustment, confirming their significant role in predicting it. The study concluded that coping strategies are a key psychological factor influencing social adjustment among basketball players. Therefore, enhancing these strategies contributes to improving team cohesion and overall performance.
PERCEPTIONS DES MAITRES DE STAGE SUR L'INTEGRATION D'UN PROGRAMME DE « CONNAISSANCES DISCIPLINAIRES » DANS LE CURRICULUM DES HUMANITES PEDAGOGIQUES
This exploratory study examines the relevance of integrating a "disciplinary knowledge" program into the pedagogical humanities curriculum in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Observing a growing under-qualification among student-teachers and a lack of mastery of primary school content, the research consulted 22 internship supervisors in Kisangani. The findings, based on documentary analysis and questionnaires, reveal an overwhelming support (86.36%) from practitioners for this curricular innovation. Despite logistical challenges such as schedule overload and a lack of infrastructure, the study concludes that establishing this specific module is essential to professionalize initial teacher training and ensure a better alignment between theoretical knowledge and field practice.
ÉVALUATION DE L’APPLICATION DE L’APPROCHE PAR LES SITUATIONS DANS L’ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA MATHÉMATIQUES-GÉOMÉTRIE EN 4éme DES HUMANITES SCIENCES DE LA VILLE DE KINDU
The teaching of mathematics—specifically geometry—in the fourth grade of secondary schools in Kindu faces difficulties related to the abstract nature of the content and the use of traditional pedagogical methods. The introduction of the situation-based approach aims to improve learning by placing the student at the center of the educational process through the resolution of contextualized problem situations. This article examines the evolution of the implementation of this approach in teaching practices. The research adopts a qualitative and descriptive methodology based on classroom observation, document analysis, and interviews with teachers. The results reveal a progressive but still partial adoption of the situation-based approach, hindered by pedagogical, material, and institutional constraints. The study recommends strengthening teacher training and improving teaching conditions for an effective implementation of this approach.
INCIDENCE DU COURS D’EDUCATION ENVIRONNEMENTALE SUR LA PROTECTION DES RESSOURCES FORESTIERES EN REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO (CAS DES ECOLES PRIMAIRES DU GROUPEMENT SENGE)
La République Démocratique du Congo abrite une grande partie du bassin forestier du Congo, dont la préservation constitue un enjeu majeur pour l’équilibre écologique mondial. Dans ce contexte, l’éducation environnementale occupe une place importante dans la sensibilisation des jeunes générations à la protection des ressources naturelles. La présente étude analyse l’incidence du cours d’éducation environnementale sur la protection des ressources forestières dans les écoles primaires du groupement Senge. La recherche repose sur une enquête qualitative réalisée auprès de 240 enseignants provenant de dix écoles primaires. Les données ont été collectées à l’aide d’un questionnaire basé sur l’échelle de Likert et portant sur trois dimensions principales : les connaissances des enseignants, leurs pratiques pédagogiques et l’impact perçu de cet enseignement au-delà de l’école. Les résultats montrent que la majorité des enseignants possède une bonne connaissance des enjeux liés aux forêts, bien que peu d’entre eux aient bénéficié d’une formation spécifique en éducation environnementale. L’étude révèle également que les activités pédagogiques pratiques restent limitées en raison du manque des moyens logistiques. Par ailleurs, les enseignants estiment que leurs cours contribuent à développer chez les élèves des attitudes positives envers l’environnement, même si l’impact concret sur la protection des forêts demeure influencé par les réalités socio-économiques des familles. Cette recherche met ainsi en évidence l’importance de renforcer la formation des enseignants, d’encourager les méthodes pédagogiques actives et de favoriser l’implication des communautés dans les initiatives liées à la protection de l’environnement.
THE IMPACT OF THE GUIDED APPROACH ON LEARNING COURT DEFENSE FOR FEMALE PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS SCIENCE STUDENTS – AHLULBAYT UNIVERSITY
Studies and educational experience have proven that a successful teacher is one who chooses the most suitable teaching methods, selecting those that best suit their students to ensure the educational process proceeds as planned. This involves considering the subject matter, the student's learning style, and the overall teaching environment within the lecture. One such method is the guided discovery approach, a modern method that has played a significant role in directing teaching towards innovation and creativity, fostering positive thinking, and teaching basic volleyball skills to female students. This study aims to identify the impact of the guided discovery approach on developing positive thinking and teaching some basic volleyball skills to second-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Ahlulbayt University. The researcher hypothesized that both guided discovery and guided discovery approaches have a positive impact on developing positive thinking and teaching basic volleyball skills to female students, and that the guided discovery approach is more effective in this regard. The researcher employed the experimental method with equivalent groups, as it aligns with the nature of the research problem. The study population consisted of 63 second-year female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Ahlulbayt University during the 2025-2026 academic year. The research sample comprised 60 students, all of whom participated in developing the Positive Thinking Scale. The educational curriculum consisted of 16 learning units, each taught using a specific method, with two units per week. Each learning unit lasted 90 minutes. Pre- and post-tests were conducted for the students on the volleyball court and in the classrooms of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Ahlulbayt University. The most important conclusions are: the guided discovery method has a significant impact on developing positive thinking and teaching some basic volleyball skills to the students. The method also has the same effect on developing positive thinking and teaching some basic volleyball skills to the students. One of the most important recommendations is to utilize the guided discovery method in developing positive thinking and teaching some basic volleyball skills to the students.
THE IMPACT OF THE COOPERATIVE METHOD ON LEARNING THE SPIKE SERVE IN VOLLEYBALL FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS SCIENCE STUDENTS – AHLULBAYT UNIVERSITY
The research aims to determine the impact of the cooperative learning method on developing motor skills and the key aspects of attention required for the volleyball spike. The research scope is as follows: Subject: Second-year students at the College of Physical Education, Ahlulbayt University, for the academic year 2025-2026. Timeframe: From November 10, 2007, to January 20, 2026. Spatial Context: The volleyball court of the College of Physical Education, Ahlulbayt University. The researcher used the experimental method with two equivalent groups, as it was suitable for the nature of the research. The research was conducted on a randomly selected sample of second-year students at the College of Physical Education, Ahlulbayt University, for the academic year 2025-2026. The sample consisted of thirty students, divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, with fifteen students in each. The traditional learning method was applied to the first group, while the cooperative learning method was applied to the second experimental group. This was done to develop the performance of the motor program and the most important aspects of attention for the volleyball spike skill. Homogeneity was achieved in the variables of height, weight, and age. Equivalence in skill was also ensured for both groups in tests of technical performance, accuracy, and the most important aspects of attention. The study also covered the use of data collection methods, research procedures, and the selection of tests. Pre-tests were administered, consisting of six initial educational units covering the curriculum for this stage. Subsequently, a special curriculum was developed to develop the performance of the motor program and the most important aspects of attention for the volleyball spike skill, according to... The two methods (self-learning and cooperative learning) were used. The curriculum for each method lasted four weeks, with two units per week, each unit lasting 90 minutes. After completion, post-tests were administered, and appropriate statistical analyses were used to obtain the results. The results were then presented, analyzed, and discussed. The researcher reached the following conclusions: 1. The cooperative learning method contributed positively to developing the motor skills program for the spike and the associated attentional aspects. 2. The cooperative learning method was more effective in developing the motor skills program for the spike and the associated attentional aspects.
THE EFFECT OF COMPLEX EXERCISES ON DEVELOPING VO2MAX EFFICIENCY FOR KARBALA YOUTH FOOTBALL CLUB PLAYERS
Training methods are crucial in preparing athletes to enhance their physical, functional, technical, and tactical abilities. The integration of concepts from other training sciences has supported the development of these preparations. Among these sciences is exercise physiology, which plays a role in regulating training loads in light of functional processes, internal systems, and metabolic processes involved in energy production, both aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic and anaerobic capacities are fundamental to the formation and development of the functional and physical abilities of football players. These capacities can be trained through specific, standardized exercises, which some coaches employ when implementing their training programs. However, they often focus on a single aspect of functional capacity development, combining aerobic or anaerobic exercises within a training session. This approach requires significant effort to implement, and it fails to accurately reflect the player's conditions during competitions or football matches. Therefore, this research aims to address this issue by incorporating aerobic and anaerobic capacity exercises into a single training session. This approach is designed to be time- and effort-efficient, accurately representing the competitive conditions of football players. The research Objectives are To identify the effect of a proposed aerobic and anaerobic exercise approach on developing the functional and physical abilities of 13-14 year old football players. And To determine the effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercises on developing the functional and physical abilities of 13-14 year old football players. Also the research hypotheses there are statistically significant differences in the effectiveness of aerobic and anaerobic exercises in developing physical abilities between the experimental and control groups, favoring the experimental group. And There are statistically significant differences in the effectiveness of aerobic and anaerobic exercises in developing functional abilities between the experimental and control groups, favoring the experimental group.
THE IMPACT OF AN EDUCATIONAL APPROACH TO TEACHING SOME BASIC HANDBALL SKILLS TO FEMALE PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS – AHLULBAYT UNIVERSITY
The researcher addressed the importance of learning in the advancement of nations through the upbringing of a new generation on advanced scientific foundations. She also discussed the ideas advocating for curriculum renewal to improve the educational process. The researcher then focused on handball, considering it a comprehensive educational approach. The research's significance lies in developing a curriculum and retraining methods for acquiring basic handball skills to enhance the performance of first-year middle school students.The research problem stems from the weak performance level of second-year middle school students in basic handball skills. The researcher believes these skills do not receive sufficient attention when the curriculum is implemented. Furthermore, the traditional methods used to teach basic skills require more effort and time, negatively impacting the acquisition of these fundamental handball skills. Research Objectives, to develop an educational curriculum for acquiring some basic handball skills for second-year female students. To identify the impact of the curriculum on the acquisition of some basic handball skills by second-year female students.To determine the impact of relearning on saving the effort required to learn some basic handball skills by second-year female students. The researcher used the experimental method as it was suitable for the research problem and objectives. The research sample consisted of (60) second-year female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Ahlulbayt University. These students were randomly selected and divided into two groups: an experimental group of (30) students and a control group of (30) students. After homogenizing the research sample and identifying the basic skills based on the curriculum of the Ministry of Higher Education, appropriate tests were determined by experts and specialists. A pilot study was conducted to establish the scientific basis for the skills tests.A number of conclusions were reached, the most important of which are: 1. The educational method achieved a better level of acquisition of some basic handball skills compared to the traditional teaching method and had a positive impact on skill development. 2. Saving effort through re-learning saved a significant amount of time and physical exertion, leading to reduced fatigue and more efficient skill learning.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOME BASIC SKILLS AND VISUAL SCANNING WITH THE TECHNICAL LEVEL OF MIDFIELDERS AND FORWARDS AT AL-ZAWRAA CLUB, PARTICIPATING IN THE IRAQI STARS LEAGUE FOOTBALL TOURNAMENT
This research aims to identify the relationship between certain basic skills, visual scanning, and the technical performance level of midfielders and forwards at Al-Zawraa Club, which participates in the Iraqi Premier League. The research problem stems from the importance of visual scanning as a modern cognitive-motor requirement that contributes to improving the speed and accuracy of decision-making, and its impact on players' technical performance, particularly in the midfield and attacking positions, given their pivotal role in initiating and finishing attacks. The researcher employed a descriptive approach using correlational methods, as it is suitable for the nature of the research. The research sample was purposively selected from Al-Zawraa Club's midfielders and forwards, totaling (14) players. Data were collected using squash, rolling, and passing tests based on visual scanning, in addition to a standardized technical level assessment form. The data were statistically analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. The results showed a statistically significant correlation between certain basic skills and visual scanning, on the one hand, and the players' technical level, on the other. The results also indicated that a higher level of visual scanning contributes positively to improving the technical and tactical performance of midfielders and forwards. The researcher concluded that visual scanning is an important and influential factor in developing the technical level of football players. He recommended incorporating visual scanning drills into training programs and focusing on developing basic skills in line with the demands of modern football performance.
CLASSIFICATION OF SPORTS INJURIES IN THE THREE WEAPONS (FOIL, SABRE, ÉPÉE) ACCORDING TO THE MECHANISM OF OCCURRENCE DURING IRAQI LEAGUE COMPETITIONS
The purpose of the present research was to categorize sports injuries among fencing players of the Iraqi league (that play with all three weapons; foil, sabre and épée) by their mechanism of occurrence. The issue is that the number of injuries endangering the careers of the players and the absence of local research proposing the connection between the type of weapon and kinetic mechanisms leading to the injury. This affects the effectiveness of preventative and rehabilitation measures in different sports clubs adversely. The methodology employed by the researcher was descriptive approach and survey based. The sample size in the study was 120 players in the premier league clubs in the 2025-2026 season and 80 players incurred actual sports injuries were picked through purposive selection. The data collected were done with a high level of attention using a special questionnaire, personal interviews, and records of the records of the Iraqi Fencing Federation. The findings indicated that the most frequent source of injuries was the épée weapon with the highest percentage of 46.43 since the epée is a valid target area anywhere on the body. Most of the injuries (53.57) fell under the lower extremities (knee and ankle). Lunge was the most frequent cause of injury, 40.18 percent, and it is especially common to épée and foil fencing. Sabre injuries were also related to quick retreats in order to turn around. The most prevalent were muscle tears and strains, as 42.86% of the cases were represented by them. Moreover, cumulative fatigue, as well as deteriorated neuromuscular coordination, had caused 58.04% of all injuries during finals of competitions. The findings of the study concluded that injuries come about due to a complex interaction of the severity of the performance, cumulative stress as well as the nature of the weapon. The researcher suggested the creation of the physical conditioning programs with the emphasis on the depth-sensing exercises, strengthening of the knee and ankle ligaments, and proper lunge technique to evenly spread the physical load. The recommendations also encouraged the Iraqi Fencing Federation to restructure its competition time in order to have sufficient time to rest and create a comprehensive and detailed medical record of the history and mechanism of injuries of each athlete in order to develop a special rehabilitation program of each weapon.
MOTOR RESPONSE SPEED AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SHOOTING AND PASSING ACCURACY IN HANDBALL FOR FOURTH-YEAR STUDENTS
The research aimed to identify the motor response speed of fourth-year students in the College of Education/Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/Al-Qalam University, and to determine the accuracy of their handball passing and shooting skills. It is also aimed to identify the relationship between motor response speed and the accuracy of these skills. The researcher used a descriptive approach with correlational analysis, deemed suitable for the research problem. The research sample was selected purposively from 30 fourth-year students in the College of Education/Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/Al-Qalam University during the 2025/2026 academic year. Through presenting, analyzing, and discussing the results, the researcher concluded that there is a significant correlation between motor anticipation and the accuracy of handball passing among fourth-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/Al-Qalam University, and a significant correlation between motor anticipation and the accuracy of shooting. Based on the presented results, analysis, discussion, and conclusions, the researcher recommends emphasizing abilities that directly influence the accuracy of students' skill performance. The educational units are motor prediction and motor response speed and emphasize the need to adopt computer technology in educational curricula to develop students’ mental abilities.
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EDUCATIONAL UNITS WERE INFLUENCED BY TOOLS THAT AID IN TEACHING STUDENTS FREESTYLE SWIMMING
This research aims to identify the impact of assistive learning modules on the learning of freestyle swimming skills among first-year students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. This skill is of great importance in developing students' physical, motor, and psychological aspects, as well as its role in enhancing self-confidence and the ability to adapt to the aquatic environment. The researcher used an experimental design with two equivalent groups (experimental and control) using pre- and post-tests. The research sample consisted of 30 first-year students from Future University – Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, divided equally into two groups: an experimental group that participated in assistive learning modules, and a control group that studied using the traditional method. The learning modules included a set of exercises and organized activities using various assistive devices, such as buoyancy boards, fins, breathing apparatus, resistance bands, and other educational aids. They focused on teaching the fundamental skills of freestyle swimming, namely: breathing, buoyancy, gliding, arm movement, leg movement, and freestyle swimming technique. The experiment lasted for five weeks, with two instructional sessions per week. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests, favoring the experimental group in all freestyle swimming skills tests. The experimental group also outperformed the control group in the post-tests, demonstrating the effectiveness of the instructional sessions supported by assistive devices compared to the traditional method. Furthermore, the use of assistive devices contributed to accelerating the learning process, improving motor performance, and reducing students' anxiety. The researcher concluded that instructional sessions designed using assistive devices are an effective teaching method for learning freestyle swimming. This is because they provide a safe, engaging, and stimulating learning environment that considers individual student differences and helps connect theoretical and practical aspects. The research recommends adopting these sessions in swimming programs within educational institutions, providing modern assistive devices, and training teachers in their use. It also recommends conducting future studies that include other swimming skills and different age groups.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PENTAGRAM STRATEGY IN DEVELOPING SOME COMPLEX FOOTBALL SKILLS FOR STUDENTS
This research aims to identify the effectiveness of the pentagram strategy in developing certain complex football skills among students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, given the importance of these skills in improving the quality of technical performance and decision-making during various lesson situations. The researcher used the experimental method with a pre-test/post-test design, as it is the most suitable approach for studying the impact of educational and training programs in academic settings. The research sample consisted of a group of students enrolled in a football course, selected purposively according to specific criteria related to physical readiness and commitment to participation. The researcher used a set of standardized complex skill tests, such as dribbling followed by passing, receiving followed by shooting, and ball control linked to decision-making. Performance was recorded using precise measurement tools and video analysis methods. A training program based on the Pentagram strategy was developed, comprising 14 learning units focused on five main pillars: motor perception, innovation, problem-solving, diversifying skill alternatives, and self-feedback. The program was implemented over several weeks, with continuous monitoring of student performance and progress. Post-test results showed statistically significant differences favoring the post-test scores in all complex skills, indicating the effectiveness of the Pentagram strategy in improving students' technical performance and skill integration. Effect size indicators also demonstrated that the program had a significant and noticeable impact on skill development. The research concluded that the Pentagram strategy is an effective approach for teaching complex football skills within the academic setting, and the researcher recommends its adoption in practical lesson curricula due to the stimulating learning environment it provides for creativity, problem-solving, and the development of motor performance.
THE IMPACT OF ROLE-PLAYING STRATEGIES ON DEVELOPING CERTAIN COMPLEX BASKETBALL SKILLS IN STUDENTS
This research aimed to identify the effectiveness of role-playing strategies in developing some basic offensive basketball skills (chest pass, high dribble, and layup) among first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Babylon. The researcher used an experimental design with two equivalent groups (experimental and control) using pre- and post-tests. The research sample consisted of 66 students randomly assigned to two equal groups. The experimental group participated in a role-playing-based training program, while the control group studied using the traditional method. The training program lasted for seven weeks, comprising 14 training units. The research relied on standardized skill tests that were validated for reliability, validity, and objectivity. These tests included chest pass, high dribble, and layup. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software. The research results showed statistically significant differences between the pre-tests and post-tests, favoring the experimental group in all the skills studied. The experimental group also outperformed the control group in the post-tests, demonstrating the effectiveness of the role-playing strategy in improving skill performance, increasing social interaction, and developing attention and focus during learning. The researcher concluded that the role-playing strategy is an effective teaching method for basketball skills, as it provides an interactive learning environment that simulates real-life game situations and takes into account the individual differences among students. The research recommends adopting this strategy in physical education curricula and conducting similar studies on other sports and different age groups.